PCNL
PCNL, or Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, removes kidney stones through a small access tract made through the skin into the kidney.
It is commonly considered for larger, multiple or complex kidney stones when other approaches may be less suitable.
Common Symptoms
- Flank or back pain
- Blood in urine
- Nausea or vomiting
- Urinary infection or fever when associated with obstruction
Causes of PCNL
Kidney stones form when minerals and salts in urine become concentrated and crystallize. Stone composition and metabolic factors vary between patients.
Risk Factors
- Previous kidney stones
- Low fluid intake
- Family history
- Dietary and metabolic risk factors
- Recurrent urinary infections in selected cases
Diagnosis
- Urine and blood investigations
- Ultrasound or X-ray when appropriate
- CT imaging to assess stone size, location and anatomy when required
Treatment Options
- PCNL
- RIRS or ureteroscopy for selected stones
- Shock wave treatment in selected cases
- Observation for appropriately selected small stones
Benefits of Treatment
- Effective treatment for larger kidney stones
- Small skin incision compared with open stone surgery
- Can remove substantial stone burden in a single procedure in suitable patients
Recovery & Aftercare
Hospital stay and recovery vary according to stone complexity and the patient's condition. A temporary urinary or nephrostomy tube may be used in selected cases. Follow-up imaging may be advised.
Prevention
- Maintain good hydration
- Follow stone-specific dietary advice
- Reduce excessive salt intake
- Complete metabolic evaluation when recurrent stones are present
Possible Complications
- Bleeding
- Infection
- Residual stone fragments
- Injury to surrounding structures, which is uncommon
When Should You Consult a Doctor?
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